Tembeling 2.0

Author: arjamal

  • Children and Adolescents of the Future

    The unpredictable future, shaped by a myriad of global challenges, has profound implications for child and adolescent health. The COVID-19 pandemic has not only exposed vulnerabilities in health systems but has also disrupted education and altered social norms, creating a cascade of effects that disproportionately impact younger populations. This disruption is compounded by ongoing issues such as climate change, technological advancements, and evolving societal structures, which together create a complex landscape of health risks for children and adolescents.

    The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted significant inequities in access to education and healthcare, particularly for marginalized populations. School closures have exacerbated educational disparities, particularly among children from low socioeconomic backgrounds who lack access to digital tools necessary for remote learning (Lancker & Parolin, 2020). Research indicates that the digital divide—characterized by unequal access to technology—has widened during the pandemic, leading to significant gaps in educational engagement and achievement (Mathrani et al., 2021; Azubuike et al., 2021; Early & Hernandez, 2021). This divide not only affects academic performance but also has long-term implications for mental health, as children who are unable to engage in learning may experience increased anxiety and depression (Lancker & Parolin, 2020; Early & Hernandez, 2021). Furthermore, the pandemic has underscored the inadequacies of mental health services for children, as the prevalence of mental health issues among adolescents has risen sharply during this period (Ahmadipour et al., 2018). Climate change presents another critical challenge to child and adolescent health.

    The increasing frequency of extreme weather events and environmental degradation poses direct threats to physical health, including respiratory issues exacerbated by air pollution and the risks associated with natural disasters (Zaitsu et al., 2022; Maity et al., 2020). The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change emphasizes the urgent need for policies that address these environmental risks, particularly for vulnerable populations like children (Zaitsu et al., 2022). Moreover, the intersection of climate change and health is further complicated by socioeconomic factors, as children from disadvantaged backgrounds are often the most affected by environmental hazards and have less access to healthcare resources (Early & Hernandez, 2021; Kuo-Hsun, 2021).

    Technological advancements, while offering new opportunities for learning and development, also introduce risks that can negatively impact child health. The rise of digital platforms has facilitated educational access but has also led to increased exposure to cyberbullying and harmful content, which can adversely affect mental health (Azubuike et al., 2021; Zhang, 2023). Additionally, the shift towards digital learning environments has highlighted the need for digital literacy and online safety education, as many children are ill-equipped to navigate these new challenges (Mathrani et al., 2021; Zhang, 2023). The potential for technology to exacerbate existing inequalities is a pressing concern, as children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may not have the same access to digital resources, further entrenching disparities in health and education outcomes (Early & Hernandez, 2021; Kuo-Hsun, 2021).

    Addressing these multifaceted challenges requires a comprehensive approach that prioritizes the social determinants of health. This includes enhancing access to quality healthcare, particularly mental health services, for all children, especially those from marginalized communities (Ahmadipour et al., 2018). Furthermore, educational policies must aim to bridge the digital divide by ensuring equitable access to technology and integrating digital literacy into curricula (Mathrani et al., 2021; Zhang, 2023). Community programs that focus on preventing violence, abuse, and neglect are essential, as these social factors significantly influence mental and emotional health outcomes for children (Ahmadipour et al., 2018).

    Finally, climate action must be prioritized to mitigate the health impacts of environmental degradation, with a focus on improving air quality and reducing exposure to pollutants that disproportionately affect children (Zaitsu et al., 2022; Maity et al., 2020). In conclusion, the future of child and adolescent health is fraught with challenges, but these are not insurmountable. By addressing the root causes of health disparities through the lens of the social determinants of health, stakeholders can work towards building a safer, healthier, and more equitable future for younger generations.

    Collaborative efforts involving governments, communities, and global organizations are essential to implement sustainable solutions that prioritize the well-being of children and adolescents in an ever-changing world.

    References

    Ahmadipour, S., Mohammadzadeh, M., Mohsenzadeh, A., Birjandi, M., & Almasian, M. (2018). Screening for developmental disorders in 4 to 60 months old children in iran (2015–2016). Journal of Pediatric Neurology, 17(01), 008-012. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612620

    Azubuike, O., Adegboye, O., & Quadri, H. (2021). Who gets to learn in a pandemic? exploring the digital divide in remote learning during the covid-19 pandemic in nigeria. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, 100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100022

    Early, J. and Hernandez, A. (2021). Digital disenfranchisement and covid-19: broadband internet access as a social determinant of health. Health Promotion Practice, 22(5), 605-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248399211014490

    Kuo-Hsun, J. (2021). The digital divide at school and at home: a comparison between schools by socioeconomic level across 47 countries. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 62(2), 115-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152211023540

    Lancker, W. and Parolin, Z. (2020). Covid-19, school closures, and child poverty: a social crisis in the making. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e243-e244. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30084-0

    Maity, S., Sahu, T., & Sen, N. (2020). Panoramic view of digital education in covid‐19: a new explored avenue. Review of Education, 9(2), 405-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3250

    Mathrani, A., Sarvesh, T., & Umer, R. (2021). Digital divide framework: online learning in developing countries during the covid-19 lockdown. Globalisation Societies and Education, 20(5), 625-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1981253

    Zaitsu, M., Mizoguchi, T., Morita, S., Kawasaki, S., Iwanaga, A., & Matsuo, M. (2022). Developmental disorders in school children are related to allergic diseases. Pediatrics International, 64(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.15358

    Zhang, X. (2023). The digital divide: class and equality education. SHS Web of Conferences, 157, 04027. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315704027

  • Medical profession in Malaysia – Do something before it is too late.

    The medical profession has long been regarded as a noble calling, one that embodies sacrifice, dedication, and a steadfast commitment to saving lives. Doctors have traditionally been seen as compassionate individuals who are willing to dedicate themselves fully to the well-being of their patients. The journey to becoming a doctor is rigorous and demanding, requiring years of academic excellence, clinical training, and personal sacrifice. In return, the profession historically offered societal recognition, financial stability, and deep respect. However, the landscape has shifted in recent years, and the challenges faced by the profession have grown significantly, impacting its reputation and the morale of those within it.

    Medical doctors in Malaysia once enjoyed widespread admiration. The profession was seen as an exclusive and prestigious path, accessible only to the most dedicated and capable individuals. However, the rapid expansion of medical schools and an increasing number of graduates entering the workforce created an oversupply of medical professionals. This oversupply strained the system, forcing the government to introduce a contract system for junior doctors. Unlike their predecessors, these contract doctors were denied job security and career advancement opportunities. Many were left in limbo, uncertain about their futures. By the end of 2022, only 17% of contract medical officers had been absorbed into permanent positions, with the rest facing a precarious career path. While the government announced in 2023 its intention to convert 12,800 contract positions into permanent roles over the next three years, the slow pace of implementation has done little to alleviate the frustration and insecurity among these young professionals.

    The COVID-19 pandemic briefly shifted public perception of the profession. During the crisis, doctors were celebrated as heroes, working tirelessly under immense pressure to combat the virus and save lives. Their sacrifices were recognised, with special allowances introduced, and public gratitude peaked. Health Director-General Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah gained international recognition for his leadership, bringing pride to the medical community. Yet this recognition was fleeting. As the pandemic waned, so too did the appreciation for the doctors’ contributions, leaving them to return to the same systemic challenges they faced before the crisis.

    Beyond systemic issues, internal conflicts within the medical fraternity further eroded the profession’s standing. Debates over the recognition of specialist training pathways, particularly between the parallel pathway and the local Master’s programme, became a source of division. These disputes played out publicly, often on social media, and created the impression of a fragmented profession. Politicians intervened, leading to amendments to the Medical Act 1971 to address these disparities. While these changes were necessary to create parity, they highlighted the need for greater unity within the profession.

    The rising cost of healthcare in Malaysia has also placed doctors under scrutiny. Public dissatisfaction with high medical fees has often been unfairly directed at private practitioners. In reality, the escalating costs are driven by factors such as medical inflation, profit-driven hospital policies, and increasing operational expenses. For instance, in 2023, medical inflation in Malaysia reached 12.6%, more than double the global average. Despite these systemic issues, private doctors have become the face of rising healthcare costs, further straining public trust.

    Adding to the challenges faced by doctors is the recent introduction of the Waktu Bekerja Berlainan (WBB) shift system. This policy, aimed at improving work-life balance by limiting doctors’ consecutive working hours to 18, was met with widespread criticism. Many doctors argued that the policy was impractical, given the persistent shortage of medical personnel in the public healthcare system. The removal of on-call claims under this system further demoralised the workforce, which perceived the policy as yet another example of the government’s failure to support its medical professionals.

    The erosion of trust between doctors and the government has been compounded by long-standing tensions between medical professionals and administrative officers, particularly the Pegawai Tadbir Diplomatik (PTD). Doctors often feel that administrative decisions are made without a proper understanding of the realities of medical practice. This disconnect has led to policies that are perceived as impractical and unfair, further deepening the divide between the two groups.

    The issue of brain drain has also emerged as a significant challenge. Many young doctors, frustrated by the lack of job security, poor working conditions, and limited career progression opportunities in Malaysia, have opted to work abroad. Singapore, in particular, has been a popular destination for Malaysian doctors, offering better pay, career stability, and a supportive work environment. This exodus of talent has further strained Malaysia’s healthcare system, particularly in underserved areas.

    Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive and strategic approach. Proper human resource planning is essential to ensure that the supply of medical graduates aligns with the nation’s healthcare needs. This includes conducting regular workforce assessments, improving the quality of local medical training, and creating opportunities for specialist training both locally and abroad. Incentives should be provided to doctors who pursue advanced qualifications overseas to encourage them to return and serve in Malaysia.

    Efforts must also be made to retain talent within the country. Competitive salaries, secure career paths, and supportive working environments are critical to preventing brain drain. The government must prioritise policies that address the welfare of medical professionals, including fair compensation, reasonable working hours, and opportunities for professional development.

    Encouraging interest in science and medicine from an early age is another crucial component of workforce planning. By fostering a culture that values and supports the pursuit of medical careers, Malaysia can build a strong pipeline of future healthcare professionals.

    Beyond workforce issues, the government must demonstrate a serious commitment to public health by addressing pressing challenges such as tobacco and vaping regulation, the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases, and health inequities. Comprehensive and effective policies, developed in collaboration with medical professionals, are essential to achieving these goals.

    The trust deficit between doctors and policymakers must also be addressed. Open and transparent communication is necessary to align objectives and create policies that are both practical and effective. Policymakers must adopt a compassionate approach, recognising the sacrifices and contributions of doctors, while medical professionals must remain committed to their mission of serving the nation’s health.

    Restoring respect for the medical profession in Malaysia requires collective effort and a shared vision for the future. By addressing systemic challenges, fostering collaboration, and prioritising the welfare of doctors, Malaysia can rebuild a healthcare system that is both robust and sustainable. Medical doctors are not only essential to the health of the nation but also to its progress and development. Through strategic planning, investment in training, and a renewed commitment to public health, Malaysia can ensure that its doctors remain a source of pride and strength for the country.

  • Microplastics in Food and Potential Health Implications

    Recent studies have highlighted the pervasive presence of microplastics in various food items, raising significant concerns regarding human health and environmental safety. Among the foods identified with the highest levels of microplastics are seafood, honey, beer, and certain fruits and vegetables. The contamination of these food items is primarily attributed to environmental pollution and the use of plastic in food packaging and processing.

    Seafood, particularly bivalves such as mussels and oysters, has been extensively documented as a major source of microplastic contamination. These organisms filter large volumes of seawater, leading to significant bioaccumulation of microplastics in their tissues, which subsequently enter the human food chain (Miller et al., 2020; Dambrosio et al., 2023). A study conducted in Taiwan indicated that residents could ingest approximately 16,000 microplastic particles annually through seafood consumption (Lin, 2024). Furthermore, marine fish, which may consume smaller fish containing microplastics, can also accumulate these contaminants, thereby posing risks to human health (Samarajeewa, 2023).

    In addition to seafood, recent research has uncovered microplastics in honey, beer, and dairy products. A study in Ecuador found microplastics present in honey and beer, emphasizing the need for broader investigations into terrestrial food sources (Diaz-Basantes et al., 2020). Moreover, microplastics have been detected in milk and other refreshments, indicating that the contamination extends beyond aquatic environments (Diaz-Basantes et al., 2020). The presence of microplastics in these products raises concerns about their potential health impacts, as they can disrupt gut microbiota and lead to inflammation (Pramaningsih, 2023; Hwang et al., 2020).

    Fruits and vegetables are also increasingly recognized as potential carriers of microplastics. A recent study from Turkey reported the occurrence of microplastics in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables, highlighting the importance of assessing food safety from the ground up (Aydın, 2023). The contamination of these food items may occur through soil pollution or the use of plastic-based fertilizers and pesticides, which can introduce microplastics into the agricultural food chain (Fiore, 2023).

    The mechanisms of microplastic contamination are multifaceted, involving not only environmental pollution but also the processing and packaging of food. Research indicates that food processing techniques and the materials used in packaging can contribute to the release of microplastics into food products (Fiore, 2023; Hussain et al., 2023). For instance, microwave heating of plastic containers has been shown to release millions of microplastic and nanoplastic particles into food (Hussain et al., 2023). This highlights the critical need for improved regulatory measures and analytical techniques to monitor and mitigate microplastic contamination in food products.

    In conclusion, the latest findings underscore the alarming prevalence of microplastics in various food items, particularly seafood, honey, beer, and fruits and vegetables. The implications for human health are significant, necessitating further research and action to address this emerging environmental issue.

    References

    • Aydın, R. (2023). Occurrence of microplastics in most consumed fruits and vegetables from Turkey and public risk assessment for consumers. Life, 13(8), 1686. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081686

    • Dambrosio, A., Cometa, S., Capuozzo, F., Ceci, E., Derosa, M., & Quaglia, N. (2023). Occurrence and characterization of microplastics in commercial mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Apulia region (Italy). Foods, 12(7), 1495. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12071495

    • Diaz-Basantes, M., Conesa, J., & Fullana, A. (2020). Microplastics in honey, beer, milk and refreshments in Ecuador as emerging contaminants. Sustainability, 12(14), 5514. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145514

    • Fiore, C. (2023). Are microplastics a macro issue? A review on the sources of contamination, analytical challenges, and impact on human health of microplastics in food. Foods, 12(21), 3915. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12213915

    • Hussain, K., Romanova, S., Okur, İ., Zhang, D., Kuebler, J., Huang, X., …

  • TEACH: A Framework for Holistic Education to Empower the Ummah for the Future

    This article reflects the outcome of a recent discussion by my group on the need to refine the academic framework at IIUM. While the central ideas and framework stem from collective discourse, this article expands on the ideas discussed and provides a more detailed vision for implementation. IIUM has always been committed to enhancing the dynamic and progressive role of the ummah. However, the challenges of a rapidly changing world demand a recalibration of our academic framework to prepare the ummah for an unpredictable and volatile future.

    From these discussions, the Knowledge for Change and Advancement (KCA) office proposed a new framework called TEACH—Tawhidic Epistemology Acquisition for Comprehensive Holistic Education. TEACH is not just a philosophy but a call to action, ensuring that IIUM’s educational vision aligns with the outcomes of KHAIR—Khalifah, Amanah, Iqra, and Rahmatan lil ’Alamin.

    This framework is deeply rooted in Tawhid, the testament of the oneness of Allah, which serves as the foundation for all aspects of knowledge and education. It emphasises the divine purpose of knowledge and the moral responsibility of the ummah to utilise knowledge for the benefit of humanity and the preservation of the universe.

    The Challenges of the Future

    The world is facing unprecedented challenges: technological disruption, climate change, socio-political instability, and widening inequalities. These uncertainties demand a transformative approach to education—one that equips graduates with not only technical knowledge but also the resilience, critical thinking, and values-driven grounding needed to navigate a volatile world.

    IIUM, through TEACH, seeks to prepare the ummah for this future by creating a framework that addresses the shortcomings of fragmented education systems while empowering students and faculty to act with purpose, compassion, and responsibility. TEACH is not about keeping pace with the modern world; it is about fulfilling IIUM’s vision to enhance the dynamic and progressive role of the ummah and prepare its community to lead with integrity and faith in an unpredictable future.

    TEACH: Five Core Characteristics

    The TEACH framework is designed around five essential characteristics, each deeply aligned with the principles of Tawhid and the outcomes of KHAIR.

    1. Purposeful

    At the heart of TEACH is the conviction that knowledge must serve a higher purpose. Education is not pursued for its own sake but as a means to fulfil the divine objectives of benefiting humanity, preserving the environment, and ensuring accountability to Allah.

    • Key Actions: Embed purpose-driven learning objectives in all courses. Redesign curricula to reflect maqasid al-shariah (higher objectives of Islamic law) and encourage students to connect their learning to real-world challenges.

    • Alignment with KHAIR: Purposeful education supports Khalifah by guiding students to lead responsibly, Iqra by emphasising meaningful learning, and Rahmatan lil ’Alamin by ensuring that outcomes benefit all creation.

    2. Universal

    TEACH transcends disciplinary and cultural boundaries, promoting inclusivity, collaboration, and a global perspective. This universality reflects the interconnectedness of creation and the unity of the Creator.

    • Key Actions: Introduce interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary modules addressing global issues like sustainability, climate change, and health equity. Strengthen international partnerships for research and student exchange programmes.

    • Alignment with KHAIR: Universality enhances Rahmatan lil ’Alamin by promoting harmony and equity, while supporting Khalifah through broad leadership and problem-solving perspectives.

    3. Integrated

    A core feature of TEACH is its commitment to harmonising revealed knowledge (naqli) with rational knowledge (aqli). This integration avoids the fragmentation common in modern education systems, ensuring that faith and reason complement each other.

    • Key Actions: Develop modules that integrate Islamic principles with modern disciplines, such as Islamic Ethics in Artificial Intelligence or Maqasid al-Shariah in Public Health. Train faculty to deliver integrated content effectively.

    • Alignment with KHAIR: Integration strengthens Iqra by encouraging holistic understanding, enhances Amanah by fostering ethical application of knowledge, and supports Khalifah by equipping graduates to lead with balance and wisdom.

    4. Values-Driven

    TEACH emphasises the importance of values, ensuring that education aligns with principles of justice, accountability, and the maqasid al-shariah. By placing values at the core of education, the framework cultivates moral integrity in all aspects of learning and practice.

    • Key Actions: Establish values-based assessments in all programmes. Create university-wide values committees to guide research and innovation. Host annual competitions where students address real-world dilemmas through a values-driven lens.

    • Alignment with KHAIR: A values-driven education embodies Amanah by ensuring responsible actions and supports Rahmatan lil ’Alamin by promoting justice and fairness.

    5. Empowering

    TEACH aims to empower individuals with the skills, confidence, and resilience needed to fulfil their roles as khalifah. Empowerment is balanced with accountability, ensuring that graduates act with integrity and transparency.

    • Key Actions: Launch leadership training programmes focusing on accountability and self-reliance. Introduce real-world apprenticeships and community engagement projects. Establish mentorship programmes pairing students with faculty or alumni.

    • Alignment with KHAIR: Empowerment enhances Khalifah by developing confident leaders, strengthens Amanah by fostering responsibility, and supports Iqra by encouraging lifelong learning.

    Process Monitoring

    Process monitoring focuses on ensuring that TEACH is being implemented as planned. It tracks the key activities and milestones of the framework.

    • Key Indicators:

    • Percentage of courses redesigned to align with TEACH principles.

    • Number of faculty members trained in Tawhidic epistemology and values-driven pedagogy.

    • Participation rate in interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary initiatives.

    • Engagement levels in leadership and community-focused activities.

    • Monitoring Methods:

    • Collect faculty reports on curriculum updates.

    • Analyse student feedback on TEACH-aligned learning experiences.

    • Maintain administrative records of training, workshops, and resources allocated to TEACH implementation.

    • Tools for Visualisation:

    • Create a TEACH Dashboard to track progress in real-time, displaying metrics such as revised courses, trained faculty, and community projects completed.

    Impact Assessment

    Impact assessment evaluates the effectiveness of TEACH in achieving its intended goals. It focuses on measuring the tangible outcomes of the framework.

    • Key Outcome Indicators:

    • Graduate Outcomes: Leadership roles, ethical behaviour, and interdisciplinary problem-solving skills demonstrated by graduates.

    • Community Impact: Positive contributions of student-led initiatives to sustainability, justice, and equity.

    • Student Development: Improvements in students’ ability to integrate naqli and aqli knowledge, and demonstrate critical thinking.

    • Assessment Tools:

    • Surveys: Gather feedback from students, alumni, and employers on the relevance and impact of TEACH principles.

    • Rubrics: Evaluate leadership, values-driven actions, and interdisciplinary competencies in student projects.

    • Case Studies: Document successful initiatives showcasing TEACH principles in practice.

    • Longitudinal Tracking:

    • Conduct long-term studies to track how TEACH principles influence alumni careers and societal contributions.

    Conclusion

    TEACH represents IIUM’s commitment to reimagining education as a transformative force that prepares the ummah for an uncertain future. Rooted in Tawhid, it aligns every aspect of learning with divine objectives, ensuring that knowledge serves humanity and the Creator.

    This framework is not just a vision—it is a call to action. By embedding the principles of Purposeful, Universal, Integrated, Values-Driven, and Empowering education into IIUM’s system, TEACH equips graduates to navigate the challenges of tomorrow with faith, resilience, and compassion.

    As we implement TEACH, let us move beyond words to actions, ensuring that IIUM continues to fulfil its mission of nurturing the dynamic and progressive role of the ummah, preparing it for both the seen and the unseen challenges of the future.

  • Tawhidic Epistemology and the Islamisation of Human Knowledge in Medical Education – A Pathway to Holistic Healing

    In the ever-evolving field of medical education, the interplay between knowledge, ethics, and spirituality is pivotal. Within Islamic intellectual discourse, two significant frameworks—Tawhidic Epistemology and the Islamisation of Human Knowledge (IoHK)—offer a comprehensive approach to integrating these elements into medical training. Though interrelated, these frameworks are distinct in their focus and application. Together, they provide a roadmap for transforming medical education into a holistic discipline that serves both humanity and the Creator.

    Tawhidic Epistemology is The Foundation

    Tawhidic Epistemology, as championed by scholars like Prof. Osman Bakar, emphasises the unity of all knowledge under the principle of tawhid (divine unity). It asserts that all knowledge, whether derived from divine revelation (naqli) or human intellect (aqli), originates from Allah and must lead back to Him.

    In medical education, Tawhidic Epistemology advocates for a holistic integration of knowledge. It connects the scientific understanding of the human body with spiritual and ethical dimensions. For instance:

    • Human Anatomy and Physiology: Viewed not only as biological systems but as manifestations of Allah’s design and wisdom.

    • Clinical Practice: Framed as an act of worship, where healing aligns with the maqasid al-shariah (objectives of Islamic law) to preserve life and well-being.

    • Ethics and Spirituality: Taught as intrinsic to every aspect of medical care, ensuring that decision-making reflects divine accountability.

    Graduates trained under this framework develop a unified worldview, perceiving their role as healers as both a professional responsibility and a spiritual duty.

    Islamisation of Human Knowledge is The Process

    Prof. Kamal Hassan’s concept of the Islamisation of Human Knowledge focuses on reforming and aligning secular knowledge systems with Islamic principles. This framework critiques existing disciplines—often rooted in secular or materialist paradigms—and reconstructs them to reflect Islamic ethics and values.

    In the context of medical education, IoHK addresses:

    • Bioethics: Reforming utilitarian or deontological approaches with Shariah-compliant frameworks. For example, decisions about organ donation or euthanasia are guided by Islamic jurisprudence.

    • Public Health: Incorporating maqasid al-shariah into health policies and interventions, such as promoting fasting for health while addressing medical exemptions.

    • Medical History: Highlighting the contributions of early Muslim physicians, like Ibn Sina, to inspire students and connect them with their intellectual heritage.

    The IoHK process ensures that graduates not only acquire technical competence but also possess the moral clarity to navigate contemporary challenges in healthcare.

    Key Differences and Synergy

    While Tawhidic Epistemology provides the philosophical foundation, IoHK offers the methodology for reform. The former is concerned with the ontology of knowledge—how it exists and aligns with divine unity—while the latter focuses on critiquing and reconstructing specific disciplines.

    In medical education, these frameworks work synergistically:

    1. Tawhidic Epistemology ensures that the curriculum fosters a holistic understanding of medicine as a means of serving Allah.

    2. IoHK ensures that specific fields, such as bioethics and medical research, are realigned to reflect Islamic values.

    Together, they create a transformative educational experience that bridges the gap between spirituality, science, and ethics.

    Practical Implementation in Medical Education

    At IIUM and similar institutions, these frameworks can be integrated into the curriculum through:

    1. Foundation Courses:

    • Introducing Tawhidic principles and Islamic epistemology in the first year.

    • Teaching the maqasid al-shariah as a foundational concept in public health and clinical decision-making.

    2. Integrated Modules:

    • Offering interdisciplinary courses that connect medical sciences with Islamic jurisprudence, such as ethical decision-making in organ transplantation.

    3. Clinical Training:

    • Emphasising compassion and spiritual care as essential components of patient interaction.

    • Training students to view their role as healers through the lens of divine accountability.

    4. Research and Innovation:

    • Encouraging research that aligns with Shariah principles and addresses the needs of the ummah.

    • Promoting the study of traditional Islamic medicine alongside modern medical advancements.

    The Outcome is Graduates with a Holistic Vision

    By embedding Tawhidic Epistemology and IoHK into medical education, institutions can produce graduates who are:

    • Competent: Excelling in their fields with a strong foundation in medical science.

    • Compassionate: Practicing medicine with empathy and a sense of spiritual purpose.

    • Committed: Dedicated to serving humanity and upholding Islamic values.

    These graduates embody the ideal of “medicine with a soul”, where technical expertise is inseparable from ethical and spiritual integrity.

    A Path Forward

    As the world grapples with complex health challenges, the need for holistic medical practitioners has never been greater. Tawhidic Epistemology and IoHK offer a way to transcend the limitations of secular approaches, ensuring that medical education not only addresses the physical needs of patients but also nurtures their spiritual well-being.

    By adopting these frameworks, we can transform medical education into a sacred endeavour, where every action—whether diagnosing an illness or comforting a patient—becomes a means of fulfilling our ultimate purpose: serving Allah.

    This integration is not merely an academic exercise; it is a call to reimagine medicine as a bridge between the material and the spiritual, grounded in the timeless principles of tawhid and Islam.

  • Social Determinant of Health

    The historical evolution of social determinants of health (SDOH) has significantly influenced the field of preventive medicine. SDOH encompass the conditions in which individuals are born, grow, live, work, and age, and they are increasingly recognized as critical factors that shape health outcomes and health disparities across populations (Gard et al., 2020).

    The World Health Organization (WHO) has played a pivotal role in framing health not merely as the absence of disease but as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, a definition that has guided public health initiatives since 1946 (Abnousi et al., 2019). This broader understanding of health has led to a growing recognition that addressing social factors is essential for effective preventive medicine. Historically, the focus on SDOH can be traced back to the mid-20th century when public health efforts began to emphasize the importance of social and economic factors in health outcomes.

    The WHO’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health, established in 2005, further catalyzed this movement by highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies that address the root causes of health inequities (Galea et al., 2020). This shift towards a more holistic view of health has prompted researchers and practitioners to explore how social, economic, and environmental factors intersect with individual behaviors and biological predispositions to influence health (Amador, 2023; Braveman et al., 2011). The evolution of SDOH research has also highlighted the importance of “upstream” interventions—those that target systemic and structural factors—over “downstream” measures that focus solely on individual behaviors (Carey & Crammond, 2015). This perspective is crucial for preventive medicine, as it underscores the need for policies and programs that address the broader social context in which health behaviors occur. For instance, interventions aimed at improving housing stability, access to nutritious food, and educational opportunities have been shown to have a more profound impact on health outcomes than traditional medical interventions alone (Taylor et al., 2016; Nichols & Taylor, 2018). Moreover, the historical context of SDOH has revealed persistent challenges in integrating these factors into health policy and practice.

    Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the significance of SDOH, there remains a gap between research and implementation. Many health systems continue to prioritize clinical care over social interventions, often due to entrenched interests and a lack of sustainable funding for SDOH initiatives (Irwin & Scali, 2007; Bambra et al., 2009). This disconnect highlights the need for a paradigm shift in how health care providers and policymakers conceptualize health and wellness, moving beyond a purely medical model to one that incorporates social determinants as fundamental components of health care delivery (Galea, 2022).

    In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic has further illuminated the critical role of SDOH in shaping health disparities. The pandemic disproportionately affected marginalized communities, revealing how factors such as income inequality, access to health care, and housing instability can exacerbate health risks (Amador, 2023; Brady, 2020). This has led to renewed calls for integrating SDOH into preventive medicine strategies, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach that addresses both individual and systemic factors (Larson et al., 2023; Silverstein et al., 2019).

    The historical evolution of SDOH has also prompted a re-examination of the role of health care providers in addressing these determinants. Physicians and other health professionals are increasingly being called upon to recognize and respond to the social contexts of their patients’ lives, which requires not only clinical skills but also cultural competence and an understanding of the broader social landscape (Kucherepa & O’Connell, 2021; Schwenk, 2020). This shift necessitates a transformation in medical education and training, ensuring that future health care providers are equipped to address the social determinants of health effectively.

    In conclusion, the historical perspective on social determinants of health reveals a complex interplay between social, economic, and environmental factors and health outcomes. The evolution of this field has underscored the importance of addressing SDOH in preventive medicine, highlighting the need for systemic changes that prioritize health equity. As the understanding of SDOH continues to evolve, it is imperative that health care systems and providers adapt their approaches to incorporate these critical factors into their practice, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes for all populations.

    References:

    Abnousi, F., Rumsfeld, J., & Krumholz, H. (2019). Social determinants of health in the digital age. Jama, 321(3), 247. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.19763

    Amador, Y. (2023). Social determinants of health and chronic diseases post covid-19. salinas. ecuador, 2023. International Journal of Health Science, 3(51), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.1593512307073

    Bambra, C., Gibson, M., Sowden, A., Wright, K., Whitehead, M., & Petticrew, M. (2009). Tackling the wider social determinants of health and health inequalities: evidence from systematic reviews. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 64(4), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.082743

    Brady, K. (2020). Social determinants of health and smoking cessation: a challenge. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(11), 1029-1030. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20091374

    Braveman, P., Egerter, S., & Williams, D. (2011). The social determinants of health: coming of age. Annual Review of Public Health, 32(1), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218

    Carey, G. and Crammond, B. (2015). Systems change for the social determinants of health. BMC Public Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1979-8

    Galea, S. (2022). Moving beyond the social determinants of health. International Journal of Health Services, 52(4), 423-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207314221119425

    Galea, S., Abdalla, S., & Sturchio, J. (2020). Social determinants of health, data science, and decision-making: forging a transdisciplinary synthesis. Plos Medicine, 17(6), e1003174. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003174

    Gard, L., Cooper, A., Youmans, Q., Didwania, A., Persell, S., Jean-Jacques, M., … & O’Brien, M. (2020). Identifying and addressing social determinants of health in outpatient practice: results of a program-wide survey of internal and family medicine residents. BMC Medical Education, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-1931-1

    Irwin, A. and Scali, E. (2007). Action on the social determinants of health: a historical perspective. Global Public Health, 2(3), 235-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441690601106304

    Kucherepa, U. and O’Connell, M. (2021). Self-assessment of cultural competence and social determinants of health within a first-year required pharmacy course. Pharmacy, 10(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10010006

    Larson, C., Mukolo, A., Buck, T., Lollis, K., & Black, M. (2023). A call to action to address the social determinants of health. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 46(2), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1097/jac.0000000000000461

    Nichols, L. and Taylor, L. (2018). Social determinants as public goods: a new approach to financing key investments in healthy communities. Health Affairs, 37(8), 1223-1230. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0039

    Schwenk, T. (2020). What does it mean to be a physician?. Jama, 323(11), 1037. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.0146

    Silverstein, M., Hsu, H., & Bell, A. (2019). Addressing social determinants to improve population health. Jama, 322(24), 2379. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.18055

    Taylor, L., Tan, A., Coyle, C., Ndumele, C., Rogan, E., Canavan, M., … & Bradley, E. (2016). Leveraging the social determinants of health: what works?. Plos One, 11(8), e0160217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160217

  • Future of Jobs: The Evolving Role of Doctors

    As we move closer to 2030, the global job market is undergoing rapid transformation. Technological advancements, environmental priorities, and demographic shifts are reshaping industries and creating new demands. The Future of Jobs Report 2025 by the World Economic Forum highlights the careers that are rising in demand and those at risk of decline, while also shedding light on the evolving role of medical doctors in this landscape.

    Jobs with Increasing Demand

    Certain roles are expected to thrive due to innovations in technology, the green transition, and shifting demographics:

    1. Technology-Driven Roles:

    • AI and Machine Learning Specialists

    • Big Data Specialists

    • FinTech Engineers

    • Software and Applications Developers

    • Data Analysts and Scientists

    • Cybersecurity Specialists

    2. Green Economy Roles:

    • Renewable Energy Engineers

    • Environmental Engineers

    • Autonomous and Electric Vehicle Specialists

    3. Care Economy and Education Roles:

    • Nursing Professionals

    • Social Work and Counselling Professionals

    • Personal Care Aides

    • Secondary and Higher Education Teachers

    4. General Management and Business Roles:

    • Project Managers

    • General and Operations Managers

    • Business Development Professionals

    Jobs with Declining Demand

    Automation, AI, and digitalisation are displacing roles in traditional sectors:

    1. Clerical and Administrative Roles:

    • Data Entry Clerks

    • Administrative Assistants

    • Bank Tellers

    • Cashiers

    • Postal Service Clerks

    2. Traditional Sales and Retail Roles:

    • Telemarketers

    • Shop Salespersons

    • Door-to-Door Sales Workers

    3. Production and Factory Jobs:

    • Assembly Workers

    • Printing Trades Workers

    Net Impact on the Job Market

    While some roles are declining, the net impact suggests significant growth in sectors linked to technology, healthcare, green energy, and education. The workforce of the future will need to adapt to these changes, with upskilling and reskilling becoming crucial for success.

    Healthcare Trends and the Evolving Role of Doctors

    Though doctors are not explicitly mentioned among the fastest-growing or declining roles, their profession is poised for transformation due to several key trends:

    1. Demographic Shifts: Aging populations in higher-income economies are increasing the demand for healthcare services, including specialist doctors, geriatricians, and primary care physicians.

    2. Climate Change and Public Health: Environmental hazards and climate-related diseases may create demand for public health specialists, occupational health doctors, and experts in environmental medicine.

    3. Technological Integration: The integration of AI and telemedicine into healthcare is reshaping how care is delivered. Doctors will need to collaborate with these technologies to improve diagnostics, treatment, and administrative efficiency.

    The Future Prospects of Doctors

    As the job market evolves, the role of doctors remains pivotal. However, their responsibilities are expected to adapt to societal and technological changes:

    1. Embracing AI and Technology: Doctors will increasingly work alongside AI systems to enhance diagnostics and decision-making. This collaboration will augment their expertise rather than replace it, ensuring better outcomes for patients.

    2. Focusing on Specialised Care: With routine tasks automated, doctors will focus more on specialised roles requiring human insight and complex decision-making.

    3. Driving Preventive Care: As healthcare systems emphasise sustainability, doctors will play larger roles in preventive medicine, community health, and health education.

    Why the Role of Doctors is Indispensable

    In a rapidly changing world, the core of healthcare lies in its human element. While technology will continue to transform the profession, it cannot replace the empathy, judgment, and compassion that define the role of a doctor. Doctors will remain indispensable not only for their clinical expertise but also for their ability to guide patients through an increasingly complex healthcare landscape.

    The future holds tremendous potential for those in the medical field who are willing to adapt and embrace the changes ahead. As other professions face automation and digitisation, doctors have the unique opportunity to evolve their practice, reaffirming their vital role in the health and well-being of society.

    (Source: Future of Jobs Report 2025, World Economic Forum)

  • MSM is Rising and Islam is the Solution

    Introduction

    The HIV epidemic continues to evolve globally, with men who have sex with men (MSM) emerging as a key population in the transmission of HIV. According to UNAIDS, MSM accounted for 44% of new HIV infections globally in 2023, making this group a significant driver of the epidemic. In the Asia-Pacific region, MSM represented approximately 50% of new infections, contributing to 230,000 cases in 2023 (UNAIDS, 2023).

    In Malaysia, the trend is similarly concerning. While injection drug use was once the primary mode of HIV transmission, MSM have overtaken this group as the most affected population. Recent data indicate that MSM accounted for 64% of new infections in Malaysia in 2023 (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2023). The prevalence of HIV among MSM has risen sharply, from 3.9% in 2009 to 21.6% in 2017, with the 2022 Integrated Bio-Behavioural Survey (IBBS) reporting a slight decline to 18.2% (IBBS, 2022). Despite ongoing efforts, this trend signals the need for more effective and culturally relevant approaches to tackle the epidemic.

    What Has Been Done

    Efforts to combat the HIV epidemic have included biomedical, behavioural, and structural interventions. Globally, measures such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), antiretroviral therapy (ART), and harm reduction programmes have been implemented with varying degrees of success. Malaysia’s response includes community-based outreach initiatives that provide HIV testing, counselling, and prevention services to MSM. These efforts have resulted in higher rates of condom use and increased uptake of PrEP (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2023).

    Despite these advancements, significant barriers remain. Stigma and discrimination deter many individuals from seeking HIV-related services, while structural challenges, such as the high cost and limited availability of PrEP, restrict its accessibility. The National Strategic Plan to End AIDS (2016–2030) identifies MSM as a priority population, but the persistent rise in new infections highlights the limitations of conventional approaches.

    The Tawhidic Approach

    Islam provides a holistic framework for addressing the HIV epidemic, rooted in the principles of Tawhid (the oneness of Allah). Islamic teachings emphasise personal accountability, moral conduct, and the preservation of life. The Qur’an states, “And do not approach unlawful sexual intercourse. Indeed, it is ever an immorality and is evil as a way” (Qur’an 17:32). This directive underscores the importance of adhering to Islamic principles to prevent behaviours that lead to harm.

    Central to the Tawhidic approach is a strong belief in Allah, which serves as a moral compass for Muslims. This belief fosters self-discipline, accountability, and a sense of responsibility to avoid harmful actions. Parents and community leaders play a vital role in nurturing youth with Islamic values, protecting them from negative influences such as exposure to media that normalise immoral behaviours.

    Prevention is a cornerstone of Islamic teachings. By promoting chastity, self-restraint, and the value of family, individuals can develop a strong moral foundation. Religious leaders and mosques can reinforce these principles by providing education, raising awareness, and reducing stigma. Faith-based interventions can address the spiritual and social dimensions of HIV prevention, complementing biomedical efforts.

    Way Forward

    The solution to the HIV epidemic among MSM lies in the belief and practice of religion. A Tawhidic approach aligns with public health objectives while addressing the moral and spiritual needs of Muslim communities. Strengthening family values, providing comprehensive Islamic education, and promoting community engagement are essential steps.

    Educational institutions should integrate Islamic teachings into their curricula, focusing on the consequences of immoral behaviour and the importance of accountability to Allah. Policymakers should work with religious leaders to design culturally sensitive interventions that resonate with Muslim communities.

    Ultimately, the Tawhidic approach offers a sustainable and holistic solution, emphasising spiritual growth and moral integrity. By fostering a strong connection to Allah and adhering to Islamic principles, individuals and communities can effectively combat the HIV epidemic while ensuring the well-being of future generations.

    References

    Integrated Bio-Behavioural Survey (IBBS). (2022). Malaysia report. Ministry of Health Malaysia.

    Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2023). Global AIDS monitoring 2023: Malaysia report. Retrieved from https://www.moh.gov.my/moh/resources/Penerbitan/Laporan/Umum/Laporan_Global_AIDS_Monitoring_2023.pdf

    UNAIDS. (2023). Global AIDS update 2023. Retrieved from https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2023/global-aids-update

    Qur’an. (n.d.). The Noble Qur’an: English translation of the meanings and commentary. Retrieved from https://quran.com/

    Kamarulzaman, A., & Saifuddeen, S. M. (2017). Islamic biomedical ethics: The way forward for HIV prevention. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.21749

  • Integrating AI in Healthcare

    Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping healthcare by offering remarkable capabilities in diagnostics, decision-making, and patient care. Recent research published in JAMA Network Open demonstrated that large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, can outperform human physicians in diagnostic tasks under controlled scenarios (Hswen & Rubin, 2024). This potential has sparked enthusiasm, yet concerns about ethical implications and limitations remain prominent. For Muslims, integrating AI with a tawhidic (unity-based) approach offers an opportunity to align healthcare practices with a divine purpose, emphasising the spiritual connection AI cannot replicate.

    The capabilities of AI in healthcare

    AI systems excel in tasks requiring large-scale data analysis, offering diagnostic insights, synthesising medical literature, and recommending treatments. LLMs have even displayed a surprising ability to simulate empathy in patient interactions. In fact, recent studies revealed that AI-generated responses were rated as more empathetic than those of human physicians in some cases (Hswen & Rubin, 2024). This demonstrates AI’s potential as a tool to support clinicians in delivering more effective and thoughtful care.

    However, AI lacks the moral agency and contextual understanding of human doctors. Machines can sound competent and compassionate, but they do not possess the lived experience or ethical consciousness required for genuine patient engagement. For Muslim clinicians, this underscores the need to approach care with the understanding that true healing combines technical expertise with spiritual accountability.

    Concerns and challenges of AI in healthcare

    While AI shows great promise, it also introduces risks. One major issue is hallucination—where AI generates false but convincing information. For example, in the JAMA Network Open trial, doctors using AI often misinterpreted its outputs because they did not fully understand its limitations (Hswen & Rubin, 2024).

    Ethical concerns around patient privacy, algorithmic bias, and the potential for over-reliance on AI are also significant. Without careful integration, AI could erode critical clinical skills, reducing the human aspect of medicine to mere transactional interactions. For Muslims, this disconnect from the soul underscores why technology must serve as a complement to human care, rather than a replacement.

    Steps to prevent hallucination in AI responses

    To minimise the risks of relying on hallucinated AI outputs, healthcare professionals should:

    1. Cross-Reference Outputs: Validate AI-generated insights against trusted clinical resources such as PubMed or established guidelines.

    2. Request Citations: Ensure AI provides sources for its claims and scrutinise their accuracy.

    3. Use Clinical Judgment: Apply personal expertise to evaluate the plausibility of AI recommendations.

    4. Collaborate: Seek input from peers or subject matter experts when faced with critical decisions.

    These measures align with both scientific rigour and the Islamic principle of amanah (trustworthiness), ensuring that AI enhances, rather than jeopardises, patient care.

    Tawhidic approaches in medicine

    For Muslims, healthcare is not merely a technical practice but a sacred trust that aligns with the concept of tawhid, or the unity of creation under Allah. This approach integrates technical competence with spiritual accountability, bringing patients, doctors, and the healthcare system closer to the Creator.

    AI, no matter how advanced, cannot replicate the soul. It lacks the ability to embody true compassion, understand divine accountability, or guide patients towards spiritual healing. Therefore, a tawhidic approach to healthcare demands the presence of human doctors who can balance technical expertise with compassion, faith, and a sense of purpose rooted in serving Allah.

    A collaborative future

    AI’s role in healthcare should focus on enabling, not replacing, human physicians. As Dr. Chen pointed out, the future belongs to those who learn how to use AI effectively rather than those who resist it (Hswen & Rubin, 2024). By integrating AI responsibly, doctors can reclaim time for deeper patient connections and spiritual engagement, fostering a holistic approach to care.

    For Muslims, this responsibility is even greater, as healthcare becomes a means of ibadah (worship) when guided by tawhidic principles. AI may assist with efficiency, but the soul of medicine lies in human hands. Only a doctor can truly embody competence and compassion, ensuring that care not only heals the body but also brings solace to the spirit.

    References

    Chen, J., Goh, E., & Hswen, Y. (2024). An AI chatbot outperformed physicians and physicians plus AI in a trial—what does that mean? JAMA Network Open. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40969

    Hswen, Y., & Rubin, R. (2024). AI in medicine: Medical news and perspectives. JAMA.

  • A Sacred Reminder

    Pain visits briefly, yet leaves its trace,
    Teaching me life’s fragile grace.
    Once I moved freely, without a care,
    Now I am still, bound to this lair.

    Morphine falters, the ache holds tight,
    Each throb reveals life’s true light.
    A trial uncovering gifts once unseen,
    Blessings hidden in what had been.

    I see my mother, her pain endured,
    A life of suffering, her spirit assured.
    Her final moments, a body confined,
    Yet faith in Allah, her peace defined.

    This body a trust, not mine to own,
    Its frailty a sign of His throne.
    In pain, I bow, His mercy my plea,
    Forgiveness and grace I seek endlessly.